This exam is a closed-book exam. You are not to use any materials nor receive or give any assistance to another student while taking the exam. You are not discuss the exam with any student in either section of this course until the graded exams are returned. Violation of these stipulations will result in a grade of zero on your exam. You are expected to be familiar with the University's honor code and by your signature immediately below, you affirm that you will adhere to that code and be bound by its prescriptions.
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1. You are to use an unwrinkled, ParSCORE scantron (Form No.20788-ERI).
2. Enter your name and ID number in the space provided on your scantron and darken the corresponding slots.
3. Darken the slot corresponding to your test form in the space on your scantron.
4. There should be no extraneous marks on your scantron; erasures should be clean.
If any of the above three items are not satisfactorily complied with, a deduction of ten (10) points will be made from your grade.
5. There is a time limit on this exam. You will have seventy-five (75) minutes to complete the exam. This one and one-quarter hour period will begin to run when the class is so instructed. Therefore, should you arrive late to the exam, you will still have to turn in your exam by the expiration of that same seventy five-minute time period.
6. There are seventy five (75) questions on this exam. Pick the one best answer and mark the corresponding entry on your scantron with a number 2 pencil.
7. In addition to marking the correct answer on your scantron, indicate your choice on this exam booklet.
8. Do not wear "Walkmen" or similar audio sets.
9. Pass in both your scantron and your exam booklet as you leave.
FORM D
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1. How many of the following are true of serotonin?
***it is a neurotransmitter
***it is involved in sleep and emotion
***a lack of serotonin is thought to be one cause of clinical depression
***many of the antidepressants block the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic terminal
***LSD blocks serotonin receptors
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. five
2. Which of the following is not true of the myelin sheath:
a. it is formed from Schwann cells
b. it is non-living, once it is formed
c. it insulates the nerve fiber
d. it is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier
e. it is especially rich in lipids.
3. Which area of the brain is most important in maintaining balance, equilibrium and muscular coordination?
a. medulla
b. cerebrum
c. cerebellum
d. hypothalamus
e. pituitary
4. Which area of the brain is especially important for intellectual skills?
a. medulla
b. cerebrum
c. cerebellum
d. hypothalamus
e. thalamus
5. The lateral line system
a. allows insects to orient to wind currents
b. allows birds to orient during migratory flights
c. allows mammals to adjust their basal metabolic rate depending on ambient temperature
d. allows fish to orient in water
e. allows reptiles to orient to the sun to regulate body temperature
6. The release of neurotransmitters into a synapse is dependent on the presence of
a. potassium
b. calcium
c. sodium
d. hydrogen ions
7. Following the rapid depolarization that characterizes the generator of an action potential, there is a rapid re polarization resulting from
a. the active pumping of sodium out of the nerve cell
b. the active pumping of chlorine into the nerve cell
c. the passive diffusion of potassium out of the nerve cell
d. the passive diffusion of chlorine into the nerve cell
e. the passive diffusion of sodium out of the neuron
8. Jacobson's organ is used in
a. chemoreception
b. detection vibrations
c. heat detection
d. pressure reception
e. photoperiod determination
9. Neurotransmitters are synthesized at
a. ribosomes
b. mitochondria
c. the nucleus
d. centromeres
e. operons
10. Some water beetles have pressure receptors with which they are able to measure outside pressure exerted by surrounding water on their sides. They can monitor their depth in water depending on the amount of stimulation of the receptors ( eg. the greater the depth, the greater the pressure and the more the stimulation) *** So far, so good; he foregoing is all true.*** The amount of stimulation is reflected in
A. the amplitude of the action potential
b. the frequency of sensory nerve stimulation
11. Calcium plays a rolein neuro transmissions by
a. triggering the migration of neurotransmitter containing vesicle to the presynaptic membrane
b. regulating the translation of mRNA into a neurotransmitter
c. regulating the operation of the sodium/potassium pump
12. The Human Genome Project seeds to determine whether the information in proteins can be translated in a reverse fashion into a linear array of nucleic acids.
a. True
b. False
13. Which of the following distinguish the genetic material of prokaryotes from that found in the nucleus of eucaryotes?
a. only eukaryotes have histones
b. only prokaryotes have chromatin
c. only eukaryotes have operons
d. only eukaryotes transcribe DNA into RNA
e. only eukaryotes have DNA organized as a double helix
14. DNA Fingerprinting
a. relies on the uniqueness to each individuals of short, highly repeated nucleotide segments
b. involves the analysis of operons
c. involves a karyotype analysis
d. requires amniocentesis
15. How many of the following are truenof tetradotoxin?
***found in the liver of marine puffer fish
***blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve and muscle fibers
***eliminates nerve impulses
***paralyzes muscles
***paralyze the diaphragm and lead to asphyxiation in humans
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. five
16. How many of the following are true of commuted tomography (CT)?
***CT scans are non-invasive
***CT scans give a three dimensional image
***CT scans evaluate how the brain tissues absorb low levels of X-rays
a. none
b. one
c. two
d. three
17. How many of the following are true of opamine?
***it is a neuron transmitter involved in emotional behavior
***excess d opamine leads to certain types of schizophrenia
***drugs that activate depamine receptors (eg. amphetamines) cause various psychotic reactions
***anti psychotic druts block the action of dopamine
***a lack of dopamine causes the shaking and wild movements seen in Parkinson's disease
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. five
18. Neurotransmitters cause rapid, brief effects on a postsynaptic cell. In contrast, neuromodultors produce changes that are slower and more lasting
a. True
b. False
19. Which of the following is not true?
a. oxytooin is a neuro modulator
b. most neurmodulators are lipids
c. enkephalins and endorphins are neuro modulators
20. which of the following is true of the promoter of an operon
a. it is transcribed to mRNA along with the other portions of the operon
b. it is the location where the repressor gene product attaches
c. it is the location where RNA polymerase attaches
d. it is only fond on inducible operons (but not on repressible operons)
21. Depth perception in vertebrates relies upon the correspondence between the eyes' two images are interpreted by the brain
a. True
b. False
22. Human hearing relies upon
a. semicircular canals
b. a tympanic membrane
c. ossicles
d. two of the above
e. a, b, and c above
23. Osteoblasts play a role in the recycling of bone.
a. True
b. False
24. All of the following are true of striated muscle except:
a. it is composed of functional units called sarcomeres
b. it may be multinucleated
c. it is stimulated to contract by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
d. it has the calcium which functions in muscle contraction stored within golgi bodies
e. it shortens and becomes thicker as it contracts
25. The sensory receptors on the retina sensitive to light and that are essential to color vision are neural cells
a. True
b. False
26. Hardening of bone is due to calcification.
a. True
b. False
27. Criticisms of DNA fingerprinting include all of the following except:
a. the statistical analysis is suspect
b. technical errors may give inaccurate results
c. the theoretical assumption that the DNA in no two individuals is identical is erroneous
28. Pit vipers are able to detect subtle differences in temperature using their pit organs. the structure that actually "detects" the temperature is an ultra thin membrane, housing nerve cells, that is stretched across the concave bony pit.
a. true
b. false
29. Cross bridges which act as ratchets in muscle contractions are a part of the ____________ molecules.
a. acting
b. myosin
30. Muscle contractions rely heavily on the presence of
a. ATP and phosphorous
b. ATP and calcium
c. calcium and phosphorous
d. nitrogen and calcium
e. nitrogen and phosphorous
31. An action potential from a motor neuron passes to the interior of the sarcomere along invagintions of the cell membrane called:
a. myosin
b. actin
c. Z-lines
d. sarcoplasmic reticulum
e. T-tubules
32. The Halversian system is found in:
a. cartilage
b. smooth muscle
c. bone
d. neurons
e. stiated muscle
33. Which attach muscles to bones?
a. ligaments
b. cartilage
c. tendons
34. Which is most elastic:
a. tendons
b. ligaments
c. cartilage
35. During a muscle contraction, calcium flows from the endoplasmic reticulum (or sarcoplasmic reticulum) to the
a. actin
b. mysoin
36. The center of Haversian systems contain
a. calcium
b. cartilage
c. blood vessels and verves
d. tendons
e. legaments
37. Osteoporosis is the weakening of bone because of insufficiencies in calcified bone
a. True
b. False
38. Estrogen provides some degree of protection against the development and progression of osteoporosis because it promotes the formation of new bone.
a. True
b. False
39. The calcium essential to muscle contraction is stored in the
:
a. sarcoplasimic reticulum
b. calcium pump
c. ribosomes
d. nucleus
e. mitochondria
40. The calcium release necessary for muscle contraction is due to
a. the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
b. pumping of calcium by the calcium pump and the expenditure of ATP
41. In the contraction of a skeletal muscle, calcium
a. binds with myosin to release ATP
b. is a catalyst to break ATP into ADP and elemental phosphorous
c exposes binding sites on the actin to which myosin attaches
d. provokes the ruptake of neurontransmitter at the nuuromuscular junactin so as to avoid tetanus
42. One of the following tissues is severely limited insize because it lacks blood vessels. which of the following lacks blood vessels?
a. tendons
b. ligaments
c. bone
d. cartilage
43. The muscles of our eyes are capable of making very fine adjustments when we focus. Control over gross motor skills (eg walking) is not nearly as exacting. One important reson for this is that the number of motor units per unit mass of muscle tissue is greater in muscle tissue regulating focusing.
a. True
b. False
44. Which photoreceptors are sensitive to colors:
a. rods
b. cones
45. In humans the density of _________ is greatest at the fovea (focal point)
a. rods
b. cones
46. A neural impulse ( action potential)
a. is a wave-like local depolarization of a nerve cell
b. is caused by an influx of negative ions into a normally positively-charged cell
c. is transmitted from on nerve cell to another across specialized cellular filaments that form a bridge between the two cells
d. requires energy for its propogation
47. All of the following are true of magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) except:
a. MRI employs an external magnetic field
b. MRI detects deferences in teh way hydrogen ( and other) nuclei of molecules in teh tissues of the brain vibrate
c. MRI gives greater contrast resolution than the CT scan
d. MRI's are not obscured by bony structures
e. MRI's do not rely on computer assistance in the imaging
48. In prokaryotes, operators and promotors are transcribed into messenger RNA molecules.
a. True
b. False
49. Pit vipers make use of ______ as they prepare for a strike
a. vision
b. olfaction
c. heat detection
d. vision and heat detection
e. olfaction and heat detection
50. Myofibrils are
a. protein
b. carbohydrate
c. lipid
51. Restriction enzymes predictably cut ( or digest) DNA at locations where specific nucleotide sequences occur
a. True
b. False
52. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA or protein fragments causing them to migrate within a gel in response to an electric field. The fragments migrate according to size
a. True
b. False
53. The opening of sodium channels during neuronal excitation is due to an electrical phenomenon
a. True
b. False
54. Restricting fragment length polymorphism refers to the phenomenon that when the DNA of nariious individuals is treated with restricting enzymes, the resulting library of DNA fragments for each person vary in length
a. True
b. False
55. the ploymerase Chain Reaction permits
a. the transcription of mRNA in eukaryotes
b. the transcription of mRNA from the structural genes of operons
c. the generation of large numbers of DNA copies over a short period ot time
d. the replication of DNA prior to mitosis
56. Which of the following is representative of homeostasis
a. enzymatic activity that edits out nucleotide substitutions during DNA replication
b. inbreeding by individuals of the species Homo sapiens
c. the generation of large numbers of DNA copies over a short period of time
d. the replication of DNA prior to mitosis
57. The nucleus of a neuron is located in the
a. synapse
b. dendrite
c. cell body
d. axon
58. Which cells insulate motor neurons
a. sarcomeres
b. myomoeres
c. Schwann cells
59. Schwann cells are associated with
a. cell bodies
b. dendrites
c. axons
d. synapses
60. Neurotransmitters are detected by _________ in post synaptic neurons.
a. ribosomes
b. yelin
c. receptor proteins
61. Channels and gates are
a. lipids that regulate ionic movements
b. proteins that regulate ionic movements
c. lipids that store neurotransmitters
d. proteins that store neurotransmitters
e. special golgi bidies that store the calcium necessary for muscle contractions
62. the resting potential of a neuron is maintained by the sodium/potassium pump
a. True
b. False
63. Immediately after the generation of an action potential, the voltage begins to approach a negative value as a result of the diffusion of potassium out of a neuron through voltage gated channels
a. True
b. False
64. Many toxins of marine organisms interact with ion channels
a. True
b. False
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